Minggu, 18 November 2012

APARTURE in PHOTOGRAPHY



Aperture & shutter speed adalah dua hal mendasar yang harus dikuasai jika ingin menggunakan sebuah kamera. Dengan catatan, kamera yang kita gunakan dapat disetting manual, seperti pada kamera SLR, DSLR, dan beberapa kamera pocket yang terdapat fitur manual. Selanjutnya adalah ISO, di mana ISO akan berpengaruh terhadap settingan aperture dan shutter speed.
Aperture
Aperture atau bukaan lensa, disebut juga diafragma, disimbolkan dengan huruf f pada lensa. Pengaturan aperture ini bertujuan untuk menambah atau mengurangi cahaya yang masuk melewati lensa. Cara kerja aperture ini sangat mirip dengan bukaan retina pada mata manusia atau disebut iris. Pada pusat iris terdapat bukaan yang melingkar yang disebut pupil. Diameter pupil akan berkontraksi di lingkungan yang cerah dan akan melebar di lingkungan yang gelap. Hal ini sama dengan apa yang ada di lensa.

http://doowee12.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/aperture1.jpg?w=300&h=225
Ilustrasi pengaturan bukaan lensa atau aperturestop, biasa juga disebut pengaturan diafragma ditunjukkan pada gambar berikut.
http://doowee12.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/aperture.jpg?w=395&h=699

Angka tersebut berlawanan dengan besarnya bukaan lensa, misalnya f/1 memiliki bukaan lensa yang lebih besar dibanding f/2,8.



Shutter Speed
Dapat diartikan kecepatan rana kamera dalam menangkap cahaya, atau durasi sinar yang mengenai sensor setelah tombol shutter di tekan. Untuk lebih memahami shutter speed, bacalah beberapa pernyataan dibawah.

“Shutter speed lambat, sensor kamera lebih lama terkena cahaya, shutter speed cepat, sensor kamera lebih sebentar terkena cahaya.”

“Jika shutter speed lambat dan objek yang ditangkap bergerak, maka akan menghasilkan gambar yang kabur atau blur. Jika objek yang bergerak diambil dengan shutter speed cepat maka akan terjadi efek freeze, atau objek yang bergerak menjadi diam.”

“Jika shutter speed lambat, ditempat yang banyak cahaya, maka akan dihasilkan gambar yang over exposure atau kelebihan cahaya. Jika di tempat yang rendah cahaya, digunakan shutter speed cepat maka gambar yang di hasilkan akan menjadi under exposure atau gelap.”

http://doowee12.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/shutterspeed.jpg?w=395&h=746




ISO
ISO adalah sensitifitas atau kepekaan sensor kamera dalam menangkap cahaya. Semakin tinggi ISO maka sensor akan semakin peka terhadap cahaya. Tinggi atau rendahnya ISO dapat disesuaikan dengan keadaan cahaya sekitar, sebagai contoh di siang hari yang terik, ISO rendah sudah mencukupi, berlawanan dengan keadaan malam hari yang minim cahaya, maka diperlukan ISO tinggi. ISO ini juga berpengaruh terhadap noise atau kotoran yang ada pada gambar. Kamera-kamera DSLR entry level umumnya dibekali dengan sensor yang kurang bersahabat dengan noise jika menggunakan ISO tinggi pada tempat yang minim cahaya. Umumnya pada ISO 800 atau 1600 dengan kompresi JPEG, gambar sudah unacceptable. Hal ini bisa diatasi dengan menggunakan kompresi RAW, tetapi tetap saja noise nya masih cukup mengganggu. Berbeda dengan kamera DSLR Hi-End yang ditujukan bagi para profesional, noise nya masih bersahabat walaupun menggunakan ISO tinggi dan


Format and style that were on english business letter

A business letter were critical to korespodensi business. Format used for writing letters particular enterprise. Means a business letter look like this matters because create impressions on readers. Format letter companies have many done to making an impression upon readers. A simple format of a help deliver messages it clear to readers. Based on identasi and penyelarasan paragraph, there are five format is used in writing letters business. Namely:

1. Full block style

Writing on full block style: business letter usually located on flattened left as letter head, date, inside address, subject, salutation, body of letter, complementary a close, signature or as a whole of format letter being in a position flattened left.

Sample Form Letter Full Block Style :
Sample 1
Format From Full Block Style





Sample 2

2. Block Style

When he was writing a business letter, for example, a letter a request for work you must pay attention to the format or style of letters and a typeface ( font ) used. The format of a business letter most frequently used is the block style. Applying this format all parts of a letter written flattened left with spaces between lines single / of a sentence and spaced duple inter-intercity alinea or paragraphs. The image on the latter part of this article is an example of a business letter with the format of the block.

Sample Form Letter Block Style :

Sample 1



3. Semi-block style
Semi-blok fromat: in a format this text parallel left and all paragraphs in the letter is indented. Format shape on this letter on letter head, date, complementary a close, and signature being in a position flattened right. In the layout uneven right, but can dibilangg flattened middle. Other parts on a letter as inside address, subject, salutation, body of letter, and enclosure if terdapatnya attachment letter,Being flattened on the left.

Sample Form Letter Semi Block Style :
Sample 1
Format from Semi Block Style


Description:
1.Kop Letter
2. Date of preparation of letters
3. Letter No.
4. attachment
5. case
6. The letter addressed
7. a word of salutation
8a. Introduction letter
8b. Explanation letter
8c. The cover letter
9. Greetings Closing
10. Name of office
11. signature
12. Names to approach
13. copy
14. Attachment page letter / initials


Sample 2

Sample 3 

JAYA ACCOUNTING FIRM
Roads Abhimanyu 12
JAKARTA CENTRAL
Number: 1.B/IV/2007
7 April 2007
Attachments: -
Subject: Examination Books
CV. "Works Great"
Jalan Raden Saleh 14
BANDUNG

Sirs,
Replying to a letter a week ago sir, do hereby proclaim that the Report of the Expert Examining Trade Books we have sent to Mr. a month ago. The report might not come to the Lord.
As it turns out the balance of the year 2003 Mr. profits of Rp 120 million. This advantage is not big enough we think, given the circumstances Mr CV substantial and memuskan. We dare to ensure that profits in the coming year could reach 10% if performed more thoroughly. Outposts such costs would be lowered by several hundred thousand dollars.
Furthermore, we suggest that the capital increase Tuan Tuan remember Mr. results obtained in the past year was difficult to find the necessary capital. Accordingly our suggestions briefly, to explore all parts of the CV. Sir, we invite to read the latest report.
Sincerely,
Your own name
Leadershi

4. This format Indented Style

On the first line at the beginning of each paragraph starts with a few spaces from the left side, the distance is usually 1 cm spacing. the writing inside the address and signature section is done identasi. The magnitude of the identasi on each line is directly proportional to the order line. For example the first line does not do identasi, on the second row done identasi 0, 5 cm, in the third line is also done identasi 1 cm, etc. On the first line of every paragraph begins a few spaces from the left side. Usually 1 cm spacing distance from the left border.

Here's An Example Of Indented Style: 

Sample 1
Format for Indented Style

The parts of the form letter Dent (Indented Style):
1. letterhead
2. Date of preparation of letters
3. Letter No.
4. Appendix / Page
5. It / Attachments
7. a word of salutation
8a. Introduction letter
8b. Explanation letter
8c. The cover letter
9. Greetings Closing
10. Name of office
11. signature
12. Names to approach
13. copy
14. Attachment page letter / initials

Sample 2

5.  Simplifed Style Format

Simple shapes (Simplified Style) is a form letter that is almost similar to the shape Straight Full but only without any greeting and closing greeting. Usually this letter goes to the people who were working at the company. Sometimes the simple form of letter writing is very simple without regard neatness and regularity. 

The Following Example Simplified Style :

Sample 1
Format For Simplified Style



The parts of a letter from Simple Forms (Simplified Style):
1. letterhead
2. Date of preparation of letters
3. Letter No.
4. attachment
5. case
6. The letter addressed
8a. Introduction letter
8b. Explanation letter
8c. The cover letter
10. Name of office
11. signature
12. Names to approach
13. copy
14. Attachment page letter / initials


Sample 2

Modern Office Equipment Co. Ltd.
98 – 100 Anna Salai
Cennai – 600002
India
Telephone : 044 26152766
Fax : 044 26152767


6th June 2001

The Manager
ABC Computer Stores
23 North Usman Road
T. Nager
Chennai – 600018
Telephone : 044 26156782
Fax : 044 26156780
SIMPLIFIED STYLE
This is another modification of the fully-blocked style. This style is used when you write a letter and you do not know the name and title of the person to whom you are writing the letter. The salutation and the complimentary closing are used in this style. The subject is mentioned din capital fonts and that subject need not be underlined. 
Today around all the business houses, this style is widely used when the writer of the letters does not want to give importance to formality. Since the formality is not adopted here, this style goes to the heart of the addressee. This style give more importance only to the core matter of the letter.
M.N. Ashok Nathan
Assistant Manager
Production



6. Hanging Style Format

Hanging Style is the Format paragrafnya hang, or leaning more to the left. the form of this letter on letter head, date, complementary close and signature are in the position of the Middle letters. The other part on letters such as the inside address, salutation, body, subject of letter are in the position of left-align. at the beginning of the paragraph, paragraphs hanging is not spaced.

 The Following Example Hanging Style:

Sample 1
Format From Hanging Style

Portions of the letter forms hang Alinea (Hanging Paragraph):
1. letterhead
2. Date of preparation of letters
3. Letter No.
4. Appendix / Page
5. It / Attachments
6. The letter addressed
7. a word of salutation
8a. Introduction letter
8b. Explanation letter
8c. The cover letter
9. Greetings Closing
10. Name of office
11. signature
12. Names to approach
13. copy
14. Attachment page letter / initials
Sample 2

Sample3

DINAS PENDIDIKAN
SMU NEGERI 5 BEKASI
 JL.Gamprit jati waringin pondok gede
No                : 009/124/SMU/XIII/2009
Attachments  : -
Subject         : Meeting Service
Nature          : Very Important 
Dear.
Mr / Ms Teachers and Staff Employees SMU Negeri 5 Bekasi 
at - 
Place 
Assalamu'alaikum wr. Wb.


In connection with the rise of anarchist action and the more widespread use of illicit drugs among students, it is very important that we act together, we hereby invite Mr / Mrs to attend official meetings that we conduct.  
The event, God willing, will be held on : 
Day    : Saturday August 15 
Time  : 08.00 s.d 14:00 
Venue : Meeting Room
Similarly, we submit this letter, hopefully the father / mother can understand.For your attention and cooperation father / mother. We give thanks.Wassalamu'alaikum Wr.Wb.

                                                                                            Knowing,


                                                                                     Dr. Rizki Pratama Indra.S,Pd
                                                                                        Principal SMUN 5 Bekasi


SOURCE :
http://iyank90.blogspot.com/2011/11/revisi-2-finish-english-business-letter_02.html
http://settho.blogspot.com/